{"meta":{"dataset":"language","title":"Spanish-speaking demand vs Spanish-speaking lawyer supply, by state and metro","version":"1.1.0","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.23656758","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656758","conceptDoi":"10.5281/zenodo.23656757","license":"CC BY 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","attribution":"Source: Probative, Spanish-speaking demand vs Spanish-speaking lawyer supply, by state and metro, version 1.1.0, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656758, licensed CC BY 4.0.","citation":"Probative. (2026). Spanish-speaking demand vs Spanish-speaking lawyer supply, by state and metro (Version 1.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656758","disclaimer":"Not legal advice. This is a plain-English summary of public sources, kept for marketing planning. These are survey estimates with margins of error.","notice":"Probative is a marketing firm, not a law firm; not legal advice.","lastChecked":"2026-10-25","url":"https://probativegrowth.com/data/v1/language/areas/10180.json","humanUrl":"https://probativegrowth.com/data/language/","statusCodes":{"P":"primary source","S":"secondary source","D":"ABA model default","U":"open question"}},"key":"10180","records":[{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:pop-5plus","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"P","measure":"pop-5plus","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: about 168,952 (±487) people aged 5 and over. ACS 2020-2024 survey estimate.","estimate":168952,"moe90":487,"cv":0.0018,"reliability":"reliable","unit":"people","table":"C16001","variables":["C16001_001E","C16001_001M"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":null,"effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, table C16001 (Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/groups/C16001.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error.","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":168952},{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:spanish-speakers-5plus","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"P","measure":"spanish-speakers-5plus","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: about 20,642 (±953) people aged 5 and over who speak Spanish at home. ACS 2020-2024 survey estimate.","estimate":20642,"moe90":953,"cv":0.0281,"reliability":"reliable","unit":"people","table":"C16001","variables":["C16001_003E","C16001_003M"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":null,"effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, table C16001 (Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/groups/C16001.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error.","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":20642},{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:spanish-lep","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"P","measure":"spanish-lep","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: about 4,059 (±652) Spanish speakers aged 5 and over who speak English less than \"very well\". ACS 2020-2024 survey estimate.","estimate":4059,"moe90":652,"cv":0.0976,"reliability":"reliable","unit":"people","table":"C16001","variables":["C16001_005E","C16001_005M"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":null,"effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, table C16001 (Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/groups/C16001.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error.","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":4059},{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:lawyers-total","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"U","measure":"lawyers-total","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: the survey sample is too small to publish a reliable estimate of employed lawyers, judges and judicial workers (ACS occupation 2100).","estimate":null,"moe90":null,"cv":0.3484,"reliability":"suppressed","unit":"people","table":"PUMS","variables":["OCCP=2100","ESR in 1,2,4,5","PWGTP","PWGTP1-PWGTP80"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":null,"effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year Public Use Microdata Sample (person records), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/pums/variables.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error. Occupation 2100 also counts judges, magistrates and other judicial workers; speaking Spanish at home is not a measure of legal fluency. Approximate: the PUMAs assigned to this metro match 81% of its population (overlap of population, 2020 Census).","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":null},{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:lawyers-spanish","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"U","measure":"lawyers-spanish","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: the survey sample is too small to publish a reliable estimate of employed lawyers, judges and judicial workers who speak Spanish at home.","estimate":null,"moe90":null,"cv":0.7933,"reliability":"suppressed","unit":"people","table":"PUMS","variables":["OCCP=2100","ESR in 1,2,4,5","PWGTP","PWGTP1-PWGTP80","LANP=1200"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":null,"effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year Public Use Microdata Sample (person records), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/pums/variables.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error. Occupation 2100 also counts judges, magistrates and other judicial workers; speaking Spanish at home is not a measure of legal fluency. Approximate: the PUMAs assigned to this metro match 81% of its population (overlap of population, 2020 Census).","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":null},{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:pop5-per-lawyer","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"U","measure":"pop5-per-lawyer","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: the survey sample is too small to publish a reliable estimate of residents aged 5 and over per lawyer, judge or judicial worker (all languages).","estimate":null,"moe90":null,"cv":null,"reliability":"suppressed","unit":"ratio","table":"C16001+PUMS","variables":["C16001_001E","OCCP=2100"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":"C16001_001E / lawyers-total","effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, table C16001 (Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/groups/C16001.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"},{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year Public Use Microdata Sample (person records), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/pums/variables.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error. Occupation 2100 also counts judges, magistrates and other judicial workers; speaking Spanish at home is not a measure of legal fluency. Approximate: the PUMAs assigned to this metro match 81% of its population (overlap of population, 2020 Census).","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":null},{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:lawyers-spanish-pct","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"U","measure":"lawyers-spanish-pct","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: the survey sample is too small to publish a reliable estimate of share of employed lawyers, judges and judicial workers who speak Spanish at home.","estimate":null,"moe90":null,"cv":0.7623,"reliability":"suppressed","unit":"share","table":"PUMS","variables":["OCCP=2100","ESR in 1,2,4,5","PWGTP","PWGTP1-PWGTP80","LANP=1200"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":"lawyers-spanish / lawyers-total, computed for each replicate weight","effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year Public Use Microdata Sample (person records), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/pums/variables.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error. Occupation 2100 also counts judges, magistrates and other judicial workers; speaking Spanish at home is not a measure of legal fluency. Approximate: the PUMAs assigned to this metro match 81% of its population (overlap of population, 2020 Census).","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":null},{"id":"language:cbsa:10180:lep-per-spanish-lawyer","dataset":"language","jurisdiction":"TX","geo":{"type":"cbsa","code":"10180","name":"Abilene, TX metro area"},"status":"U","measure":"lep-per-spanish-lawyer","text":"Abilene, TX metro area: the survey sample is too small to publish a reliable estimate of Spanish speakers with limited English (less than \"very well\") per Spanish-speaking lawyer.","estimate":null,"moe90":null,"cv":0.7993,"reliability":"suppressed","unit":"ratio","table":"C16001+PUMS","variables":["C16001_005E","C16001_005M","OCCP=2100","LANP=1200","PWGTP1-PWGTP80"],"vintage":"2020-2024","formula":"C16001_005E / lawyers-spanish; MOE = sqrt(MOE_X^2 + R^2 * MOE_Y^2) / Y","effectiveFrom":"2020-01-01","effectiveTo":"2024-12-31","sources":[{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, table C16001 (Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/groups/C16001.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"},{"label":"U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year Public Use Microdata Sample (person records), via the Census Data API","url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs5/pums/variables.html","kind":"primary","accessed":"2026-10-25"}],"lastChecked":"2026-10-25","note":"Survey estimate with a 90% margin of error. Occupation 2100 also counts judges, magistrates and other judicial workers; speaking Spanish at home is not a measure of legal fluency. Approximate: the PUMAs assigned to this metro match 81% of its population (overlap of population, 2020 Census).","studyExcluded":false,"pumaFit":0.811,"approximate":true,"vsUS":null,"area":"10180","areaName":"Abilene, TX metro area","areaType":"cbsa","value":null}]}