Market data
Immigration in Ohio: market data
What public records say about the market for immigration in Ohio: how much demand the courts and agencies count, how many law offices serve it, how many people need help in Spanish, and the ad rules that apply. Every number links to the record it comes from.
Demand: what courts and agencies count
Counts of filings, crashes, complaints and enforcement in the records each agency keeps. A count shows where problems were recorded, not how many people will hire a lawyer.
| Measure | Value | Period | Place | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal immigration-offense defendants | 96 defendants | 12 months ending 2026-06-30 | Ohio state | criminal-filings v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23744206 record criminal-filings:state-OH:2026-06-30 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Federal civil cases filed by county of the plaintiff: immigration | 71 cases filed, fiscal year | FY2025 | Ohio state | federal-filings-county v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750628 record federal-filings-county:OH · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Pending immigration court proceedings (respondents living in the state) | 50,509 proceedings | as of 2026-10-01 | Ohio state | immigration-courts v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739986 record eoir-state-oh · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Residents with limited English (any language) | 321,075 ±5,970 people age 5+ | 2020-2024 | Ohio state | legal-need v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23741886 record legal-need-oh · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Noncitizen residents | 289,669 ±6,185 people | 2020-2024 | Ohio state | legal-need v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23741886 record legal-need-oh · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Federal immigration-offense defendants | 74 defendants | 12 months ending 2026-06-30 | Northern District of Ohio federal district | criminal-filings v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23744206 record criminal-filings:OHN:2026-06-30 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Federal civil cases filed: immigration | 59 cases filed, three fiscal years | FY2023-2025 | Northern District of Ohio federal district | idb-civil v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739969 record idb-ohn-immigration · status P · checked 2026-10-27 |
| Federal immigration-offense defendants | 22 defendants | 12 months ending 2026-06-30 | Southern District of Ohio federal district | criminal-filings v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23744206 record criminal-filings:OHS:2026-06-30 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Federal civil cases filed: immigration | 126 cases filed, three fiscal years | FY2023-2025 | Southern District of Ohio federal district | idb-civil v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739969 record idb-ohs-immigration · status P · checked 2026-10-27 |
| Pending proceedings at the immigration court | 47,697 proceedings | as of 2026-10-01 | Cleveland Immigration Court immigration court | immigration-courts v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739986 record eoir-court-cle · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
Rising or falling
The change between the last two periods each source publishes. No threshold and no smoothing.
| Measure | Before | Latest | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Federal immigration-offense defendants Ohio · record criminal-filings:state-OH:2026-06-30 | 135 2025-12-31 | 96 2026-06-30 | falling (-28.9%) |
| Federal civil cases filed by county of the plaintiff: immigration Ohio · record federal-filings-county:OH | 76 FY2024 | 71 FY2025 | falling (-6.6%) |
Lawyer supply
How many law offices and lawyers the federal statistics count here.
| Measure | Value | Period | Place | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New lawyers admitted | 1,343 lawyers a year | 2025 | Ohio state | bar-pipeline v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721443 record oh-bar-pipeline · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Counties under 1 law office per 10,000 residents | 5 counties | 2026-Q1 | Ohio state | deserts v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721430 record deserts-39 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Counties with no law office | 0 counties | 2026-Q1 | Ohio state | deserts v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721430 record deserts-39 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Residents living in those low-office counties | 1.4 percent of residents | 2026-Q1 | Ohio state | deserts v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721430 record deserts-39 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Employer law firms | 3,917 firms | 2022 | Ohio state | law-firm-economy v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739997 record lfe-oh-all · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Receipts of employer law firms | 6,538,573,000 US dollars | 2022 | Ohio state | law-firm-economy v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739997 record lfe-oh-all · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Law offices per 10,000 residents | 3.93 per 10,000 residents | 2026-Q1 | Ohio state | law-offices v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721415 record law-offices-39 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Self-employed lawyers (nonemployer firms) | 7,979 firms | latest Nonemployer Statistics year | Ohio state | law-offices v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721415 record law-offices-39 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Private law offices | 4,680 establishments | 2026-Q1 | Ohio state | law-offices v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721415 record law-offices-39 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Lawyers employed (wage-earning, BLS OEWS) | 19,950 jobs | May 2025 | Ohio state | lawyer-wages v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23734840 record lawyer-wages:OH:231011:2025 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Median annual wage of employed lawyers | 131,020 US dollars a year | May 2025 | Ohio state | lawyer-wages v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23734840 record lawyer-wages:OH:231011:2025 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
Counties with the most demand per law office
Of the 25 counties in Ohio with the most federal civil cases filed by county of the plaintiff: immigration, the ten with the most per private law office. Both counts are shown with their records.
| County | Demand | Law offices | Per office |
|---|---|---|---|
| Williams County, OH | 1 record federal-filings-county:39171 | 5 record law-offices-39171 | 0.2 |
| Auglaize County, OH | 2 record federal-filings-county:39011 | 12 record law-offices-39011 | 0.17 |
| Knox County, OH | 1 record federal-filings-county:39083 | 6 record law-offices-39083 | 0.17 |
| Crawford County, OH | 1 record federal-filings-county:39033 | 11 record law-offices-39033 | 0.09 |
| Warren County, OH | 4 record federal-filings-county:39165 | 61 record law-offices-39165 | 0.07 |
| Mahoning County, OH | 6 record federal-filings-county:39099 | 105 record law-offices-39099 | 0.06 |
| Butler County, OH | 5 record federal-filings-county:39017 | 79 record law-offices-39017 | 0.06 |
| Geauga County, OH | 2 record federal-filings-county:39055 | 36 record law-offices-39055 | 0.06 |
| Hancock County, OH | 1 record federal-filings-county:39063 | 20 record law-offices-39063 | 0.05 |
| Clermont County, OH | 2 record federal-filings-county:39025 | 46 record law-offices-39025 | 0.04 |
Federal civil cases filed by county of the plaintiff: immigration (federal-filings-county v1.0.0, FY2025) ÷ Private law offices (law-offices v1.0.0, 2026-Q1). ratio = federal-filings-county.ffc.immigration / law-offices.qcew_estabs, rounded to 2 decimals; ranked highest first, among the 25 units with the most demand. Units with zero supply are listed apart (ratio undefined); units without a published value are listed as missing.
Spanish-language demand
People who speak Spanish and speak English less than very well, and the lawyers who speak Spanish, from the Census Bureau survey (with margins of error).
| Measure | Value | Period | Place | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lawyers who speak Spanish at home (ACS) | 620 ±243 lawyers | 2020-2024 | Ohio state | language v1.1.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656758 record language:state:OH:lawyers-spanish · status P · checked 2026-10-25 |
| Spanish speakers with limited English per Spanish-speaking lawyer | 186 ±72.9 people per lawyer | 2020-2024 | Ohio state | language v1.1.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656758 record language:state:OH:lep-per-spanish-lawyer · status P · checked 2026-10-25 |
| Spanish speakers with limited English (ACS) | 115,162 ±3,621 people age 5+ | 2020-2024 | Ohio state | language v1.1.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656758 record language:state:OH:spanish-lep · status P · checked 2026-10-25 |
| Spanish speakers with limited English | 115,162 ±3,403 people age 5+ | 2020-2024 | Ohio state | legal-need v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23741886 record legal-need-oh · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
Ad rules that apply
The rules a law firm's ads in Ohio have to meet, summarized from the official texts. The full rules, with quotes, are on the state page.
| Topic | Status | What it says |
|---|---|---|
| Ad filing or review | P primary source | No filing or pre-approval of ads is required by Rules 7.1-7.5. The rules set no record-keeping period for ads either. official source · rules v1.4.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750572 · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Required content | P primary source | Every ad must include the name and office address of at least one lawyer or law firm responsible for its content (7.2(c)). A firm using a registered trade name or DBA must show its full legal entity name, with the entity designation, in the same medium… official source · rules v1.4.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750572 · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Waiting periods for contact | P primary source | The rules set no waiting period. A solicitation sent within thirty days of an accident or disaster that may give rise to a personal injury or wrongful death claim must include the 'Understanding Your Rights' notice (7.3(e)). official source · rules v1.4.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750572 · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Claims and results | P primary source | A lawyer may not make a false, misleading or nonverifiable communication (7.1). Ads of results can mislead if they lead to an unjustified expectation (7.1 cmt. [3]). official source · rules v1.4.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750572 · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Paying for referrals | P primary source | A lawyer may not give anything of value for recommending the lawyer's services, except reasonable ad costs, a legal service plan, a nonprofit or lawyer referral service that complies with Gov.Bar R. XVI, and a practice sale (7.2(b)). official source · rules v1.4.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750572 · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Call recording | P primary source | A person who is a party to a wire, oral or electronic communication, or who has one party's prior consent, may intercept it, unless done to commit a crime or tort. official source · rules v1.4.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750572 · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Texting | P primary source | Ohio's Telephone Solicitation Sales Act (R.C. 4719.01 to 4719.18) lets a purchaser injured by a violation sue the telephone solicitor for damages of at least the amount paid, plus attorney's fees; the right belongs to purchasers, not to anyone who merely… official source · rules v1.4.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750572 · checked 2026-10-28 |
| Ad filing or review | P primary source | Ohio: no filing or review of lawyer ads is required. official source · filing v1.2.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721409 · checked 2026-10-25 |
| Paying for referrals | P primary source | Lawyers in different firms may split a fee in proportion to the work each does, or if each takes joint responsibility and agrees to be available to consult with the client. official source · referral v1.1.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23747113 · checked 2026-10-27 |
Prices and pay (national)
| Measure | Value | Period | Place | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jobs in legal services (seasonally adjusted) | 1,249 thousand jobs | 2026-09 | United States United States | legal-prices v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23734854 record legal-prices:CES6054110001:2026-09 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| CPI-U: legal services | 230 index | 2026-09 | United States United States | legal-prices v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23734854 record legal-prices:CUUR0000SEGC01:2026-09 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
| PPI: offices of lawyers | 338 index | 2026-09 | United States United States | legal-prices v1.0.0 doi:10.5281/zenodo.23734854 record legal-prices:PCU541110541110:2026-09 · status P · checked 2026-10-28 |
What is missing
Datasets linked to this practice that have no figure here, and values the source withholds. We never fill these in.
- findings (demand): the dataset has no records for Ohio (it covers other places)
- findings (supply): the dataset has no records for Ohio (it covers other places)
- firm-web-census (supply): the dataset has no records for Ohio (it covers other places)
Download and cite
The rows behind this page, with every dataset, version, DOI, record id and check date.
Cite as: Probative Growth, The new-lawyer pipeline by jurisdiction: bar exam pass rates and new admissions, 2025 v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721443); Federal criminal cases by offense and district (U.S. Courts Tables D-1, D-2 and D-3) v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23744206); Legal deserts: law offices and lawyers per resident in every U.S. county v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721430); Federal civil cases filed, by county of the plaintiff's residence, case type and year (Federal Judicial Center) v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23750628); How long federal civil cases take: outcomes, class actions and pro se share by district, nature of suit and year v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739969); Immigration court backlog, representation and asylum outcomes (EOIR workload statistics and case data) v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739986); Spanish-speaking demand vs Spanish-speaking lawyer supply, by state and metro v1.1.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656758); Law firm size, solos and receipts, by state: Census SUSB 2022, Nonemployer Statistics 2024 and Economic Census 2022 v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739997); Law offices, jobs and pay by county, with solo-practice counts: BLS QCEW, Census CBP and Nonemployer Statistics v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23721415); Lawyer, paralegal and legal-staff pay by state and metro (BLS OEWS) v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23734840); Legal need by county: who may need a lawyer, from the American Community Survey v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23741886); Legal-services prices and jobs, monthly (BLS CPI, PPI and CES) v1.0.0 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.23734854); CC BY 4.0. https://probativegrowth.com/markets/ohio/immigration/
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How this page is built
Each figure is copied from one record of the dataset named with it, joined to this state and practice through the open practice and place crosswalk. Nothing is estimated. Methods, inputs and limits.