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Data · Noncitizen population

Noncitizen population by state and county

How many residents of each state and county are not U.S. citizens, how many are naturalized citizens, and how precise each estimate is. Read row for row from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey nativity and citizenship table, with the margin of error kept beside every estimate.

Checked October 31, 2026 · CC BY 4.0 · Not legal advice

What is in this dataset?

How many residents of each state, DC and county are not U.S. citizens, with the margin of error and the share of the population, from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2020-2024), table B05001 (nativity and citizenship status). Each record also splits the citizens into born in the US, born in a U.S. territory, born abroad of American parents and naturalized. These are survey estimates of residents, not of legal status: the table does not separate lawful permanent residents, visa holders or anyone else.

Use it to size the noncitizen resident population of a market, for example to plan immigration-law or consumer-protection outreach in a county or to compare states. Look up a state: you get the state row and every county in it, each with the estimate, its margin of error and the share of residents. Small counties carry wide margins of error, so compare ranges, not single figures.

Records
3,196
Look up by
52
state
Primary-source records
3,196

The letters are explained in what P, S, D and U mean.

Where does the data come from?

Every figure is read from the Census Bureau's Data API for the ACS 5-year estimates (table B05001, variables 001 to 006 and the margins of error of 005 and 006) for the US, every state and DC, and every county. Nothing is modelled. It covers the United States, the 50 states, DC and 3,144 counties, and the total's margin of error is not published because the Census controls the total to its population estimate. The share is the noncitizen count divided by the total, rounded to one decimal.

Period covered
January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024
Places
The whole US, all 50 states and DC and counties
How often we refresh it
Once a year
Records read
October 31, 2026

Official sources

  • U.S. Census Bureau, by official API. Public domain (17 U.S.C. 105); cite the Census Bureau as the source.

The sources the records cite most

What does a record look like?

The full records add the dates, the quoted source text and every field in the CSV and JSON files below.

What each of the 15 main columns means
jurisdiction
US or the two-letter state code (DC included); a county's state
level
us, state or county
area
US, the state code or the 5-digit county FIPS code
county
5-digit county FIPS code (county rows)
year
The last year of the ACS 5-year period (2024 = 2020-2024)
status
P published by the Census Bureau
total
Total residents (B05001_001)
citizenBornUS
U.S. citizens born in the United States (B05001_002)
citizenBornTerritory
U.S. citizens born in Puerto Rico or U.S. Island Areas (B05001_003)
citizenBornAbroad
U.S. citizens born abroad of American parent(s) (B05001_004)
naturalized
U.S. citizens by naturalization (B05001_005)
naturalizedMoe
Margin of error of the naturalized count, 90% confidence
noncitizen
Residents who are not U.S. citizens (B05001_006)
noncitizenMoe
Margin of error of the noncitizen count, 90% confidence
noncitizenPct
Noncitizens as a percent of total residents, one decimal

How do I use it in my own tools?

noncitizen_lookup
For one two-letter state code (or US): the state and every county in it, each with total residents, residents who are not U.S. citizens, naturalized citizens, margins of error and the noncitizen share.
noncitizen_compare
The noncitizen counts, margins of error and shares of up to 10 states (two-letter codes) or US side by side.
noncitizen_search
Records whose text matches the words given, such as a county name ("Harris County"), a state name or a 5-digit county FIPS code.

How to cite this dataset

You can reuse, adapt and republish this data, including commercially, under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (CC BY 4.0). The only condition is that you credit Probative and link to the source.

Version
1.0.0, released November 1, 2026
Every version
10.5281/zenodo.23850652 (always points to the newest)
License
CC BY 4.0

Download the data

Free, no email or login. The files are hosted on this site and Zenodo, a public research archive.

Suggested citation

Probative. (2026). Noncitizen population by state and county (Census ACS, table B05001) (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23850653

Credit line for a chart, table or article

Source: Probative, Noncitizen population by state and county (Census ACS, table B05001), version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23850653, licensed CC BY 4.0.

Add to a reference manager (Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote)

Not legal advice. These are Census Bureau survey estimates for planning. The table counts residents who are not U.S. citizens; it does not measure immigration or legal status.

What changed recently?

  • 2026-10-31 · Census ACS 2020-2024 5-year estimates (table B05001): residents who are not U.S. citizens in the United States, 50 states, DC and 3,144 counties, with margins of error: 22,674,672 nationally. (source)

The full log is in changes.json.

What are the limits?

  • These are survey estimates of residents, not a count of people, and each carries a margin of error at 90% confidence. Small counties have wide margins, so a difference between two small counties is often not real.
  • The table separates citizens from noncitizens only. It does not say whether a noncitizen is a lawful permanent resident, a visa holder or in another status, and it is not a measure of unauthorized immigration.
  • The 5-year estimate pools five years of survey responses, so it describes the period as a whole and lags recent change.
  • The table covers the United States, every state, DC and every county, each with its own margin of error.
  • Residence is where a person lives at the time of the survey, which is not where they work or where a legal matter would be filed.
  • Records older than 550 days since their last check are marked stale in the files until we re-check them. Every confirmed error we fix is listed in the data corrections log.

Found a wrong value? Report an error with the record id and the source that shows the right value.

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